Primary texts

Sources, dated senses, bibliography.

The research is in the papers. Sources here are the texts those papers actually use. Argue with the claims there. Do not treat session notes as a parallel canon.

Program claims, compressed

Not a substitute for the papers. The full arguments, citations, and pressure tests live on the axis pages.

• Agency is an underspecified primitive. Compatibility remains philosophical until the unit is defined.
• Game of Empires starts at Sumerian horizon-kingship. The world oscillates: unipolar knockout → multipolar default, with brief bipolar freezes, as empires vie over hegemonic supremacy at superpower scale. Superpower ≠ great power. Bipolarity is not multipolarity. A pole that achieves a named mix of hegemonies has to keep them. Inner and outer conflict are a pair. Follow the Oil is the energy instrument. Propaganda is the content of courier hegemony: shades, Creel, two lineages, OSI as a named corpse, a third scare.
• Prisoner’s dilemma, Olson’s free rider, and Hardin’s tragedy are related, not identical. Halpern and Rong: (C,C) can be an equilibrium in PD without being a best response. Ostrom: CPRs are often governed by users. PD is not the only game: stag hunt is the orchard; hawk–dove is struggle as a strategy. Choosing the form is already a picture of agents under scarcity.
• Nineteenth-century anarchists and pre-Lenin Marxists shared a goal and split on method. Date every sense of libertarian, communist, anarchist. The American inversion of “libertarian” is Dean Russell, May 1955 — Foundations of the Right is that file.
• Smith is not Spencer. Kropotkin answered Huxley. Fitness in the social sense was never repaired. Bequest is not Mendel. Two apples, or an orchard: scarcity can be fought over or planted past. A society is proof of cooperation; a garden is proof. Nature, seen fully, is both. Economic models are irreconcilable while those biological definitions are unclosed. Fascism is survival of the fittest at all levels. The party-state argues cooperation. CenLib is the attempted bridge.
• Center libertarianism is named for the attempt to reconcile left and right libertarianism at property: person as unit; property triad (consumptive / personal / productive at hired-labor scale); nested direct assemblies; agorism-class exit. Productive commons is a CPR problem. Self-ownership is not world-ownership. The map places that join as the bend of the anarchist shoe, opposite mixed-economy center.
• The map is an hourglass of two horseshoes: mixed means of production at the wide top; party-state and fascism almost touch at the waist. Leave mixed going left: the plant is socialized under an office (Marxist method). Leave mixed going right: private title is kept, the plant is cartelized, then commanded (cartel method). Both are sections, not filters. The lower bowl is this program’s invention: anarchist communism and anarcho-capitalism almost touch as anti-office and split on the plant; CenLib is the wide bottom. Completing Faye’s open horseshoe with that mirror shoe is new. A second reading of the same seats is ecological: mutual aid to struggle. Each system’s card leads with how it defines the means of production, then with how it pictures agents under scarcity.
• Synthesis is the two hypotheses in one view, grown from the organism: the world oscillates (Game of Empires, driven home) and CenLib is the domestic join; how they lock; what would make either science.
• No listed stocks or bonds. No finished constitution, threshold rule, or investment instrument.

Glossary of captured words

Ironing out red-scare vernacular is a condition of research, not etiquette.

Bibliography

293 entries actually used in the papers. Not an ornament list.

1. 1.Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics, Book III (voluntary / involuntary).
2. 2.Hobbes, Thomas. 1654. Of Liberty and Necessity.
3. 3.Locke, John. 1690. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, II.xxi (“Of Power”).
4. 4.Hume, David. 1748. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section VIII (“Of Liberty and Necessity”).
5. 5.Belsham, William. 1789. “On Liberty and Necessity.” In Essays, Philosophical, Historical, and Literary. London. First recorded contrast of “libertarian” with “necessitarian.” Belsham writes as a necessitarian; the libertarian is his target.
6. 6.Kant, Immanuel. 1788. Critique of Practical Reason.
7. 7.Lehrer, Keith. 1960. “Can We Know That We Have Free Will by Introspection?” Journal of Philosophy 57: 145–157. The terms “compatibilism” / “incompatibilism” are usually credited to Lehrer in the 1960s (see Campbell and Lehrer, Journal of Ethics 22, 2018).
8. 8.Frankfurt, Harry. 1969. “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility.” Journal of Philosophy 66 (23): 829–839.
9. 9.Frankfurt, Harry. 1971. “Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person.” Journal of Philosophy 68 (1): 5–20.
10. 10.Watson, Gary. 1975. “Free Agency.” Journal of Philosophy 72 (8): 205–220.
11. 11.Lewis, David. 1981. “Are We Free to Break the Laws?” Theoria 47: 113–121.
12. 12.van Inwagen, Peter. 1983. An Essay on Free Will. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Informal Consequence Argument at p. 56; Third Argument at pp. 93–95.
13. 13.McKay, Thomas J., and David Johnson. 1996. “A Reconsideration of an Argument against Compatibilism.” Philosophical Topics 24 (2): 113–122.
14. 14.Kane, Robert. 1996. The Significance of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.
15. 15.Fischer, John Martin, and Mark Ravizza. 1998. Responsibility and Control: A Theory of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. 16.van Inwagen, Peter. 2000. “Free Will Remains a Mystery.” Philosophical Perspectives 14: 1–19.
17. 17.Pereboom, Derk. 2001. Living Without Free Will. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. 18.Mele, Alfred R. 2006. Free Will and Luck. New York: Oxford University Press.
19. 19.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Entries: “Free Will”; “Arguments for Incompatibilism”; “Compatibilism.” Tertiary maps, not primary texts. Link
20. 20.Epictetus. Discourses and Enchiridion. Prohairesis: the faculty of choice a tyrant cannot take. Ancestor of a source condition under political command.
21. 21.Augustine. On Free Choice of the Will. Evil from the will, not from God; later anti-Pelagian writings tighten grace. Already a fight about definition.
22. 22.Bramhall, John. 1655. A Defence of True Liberty. Reply to Hobbes. The English template of self-determining will versus liberty-as-non-impediment.
23. 23.Spinoza, Baruch. Ethics. Men think themselves free because they are conscious of actions and ignorant of causes. Hard-determinist ancestor.
24. 24.d’Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry. 1770. Système de la nature. Popular hard determinism.
25. 25.Reid, Thomas. 1788. Essays on the Active Powers of Man. Agent-causation against Hume.
26. 26.Constant, Benjamin. 1819. “The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns.” Participation versus independence; modern liberty as civil, commercial, representative, ancient liberty as the square. A structure can enlarge one and shrink the other.
27. 27.Mill, John Stuart. 1859. On Liberty. Harm principle; individuality. Principles of Political Economy (1848): cooperative experiments; a stationary state. A compatibilist who still designs as if agency were real. A bridge, not a US-libertarian ancestor.
28. 28.Marx, Karl. 1844. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts. Alienated labor: the activity is not the worker’s. An agency claim about economic structure. Not a proof of 1917.
29. 29.Strawson, P. F. 1962. “Freedom and Resentment.” Proceedings of the British Academy 48: 1–25. Reactive attitudes are not argued out of existence by CD.
30. 30.Chisholm, Roderick. 1964. “Human Freedom and the Self.” University of Kansas Lindley Lecture. Agent-causation.
31. 31.Berlin, Isaiah. 1958. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” Inaugural lecture, Oxford. Negative liberty as non-interference; positive liberty as self-mastery, capturable by a party that claims to be your real self.
32. 32.Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Action as beginning among others; labor and work are not the same species of transition.
33. 33.Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Two mechanisms for remaining a source rather than a captive.
34. 34.Taylor, Charles. 1979. “What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty.” In The Idea of Freedom, ed. Ryan. Against the thinness of pure non-interference.
35. 35.Dennett, Daniel C. 1984. Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Also Freedom Evolves (2003). Compatibilism that wants Darwinian room, not a swerve.
36. 36.Libet, Benjamin, et al. 1983. “Time of Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness-Potential).” Brain 106: 623–642. Popularized as “the brain decides first.” Does not close FA.
37. 37.Skinner, Quentin. 1998. Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Neo-Roman liberty as non-domination, older than Berlin’s pair.
38. 38.Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like a State. New Haven: Yale University Press. High-modernist command sees populations as ensembles to be made legible.
39. 39.Pettit, Philip. 1997. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Liberty as non-domination: a kindly master still dominates.
40. 40.Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf. Development as expansion of capabilities — what persons can do and be. An agency metric for economic structure.
41. 41.O’Connor, Timothy. 2000. Persons and Causes: The Metaphysics of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press. Agent-causation.
42. 42.Wegner, Daniel M. 2002. The Illusion of Conscious Will. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Willusionist reading of phenomenology. Not a physics result.
43. 43.Mele, Alfred R. 2009. Effective Intentions: The Power of Conscious Will. New York: Oxford University Press. Libet-style data do not show that a decision was completed before awareness.
44. 44.Nussbaum, Martha C. 2011. Creating Capabilities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Capabilities as an agency metric. Not a compatibility solution.
45. 45.List, Christian, and Philip Pettit. 2011. Group Agency. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Groups can be agents functionally. Warning: once a group is the primary agent, the person becomes an organ.
46. 46.Hayek, F. A. 1960. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Local knowledge as an agency argument against command. The title-regime conclusion is not this program’s.
47. 47.Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus; Lucretius, De Rerum Natura II. The atomic swerve as an ancestor of libertarian appeals to indeterminism. Already faces the luck problem: a random deflection is not authorship.
48. 48.Cicero. De Fato. Roman transmission of Stoic fate and Epicurean swerve. The luck problem is already in the ancient file.
49. 49.Einstein, Albert. 1949. “Remarks Concerning the Essays Brought Together in this Co-operative Volume” (Reply to Criticisms). In Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, ed. Paul Arthur Schilpp. Evanston: Library of Living Philosophers. Refuses the ψ-function as a complete description of an individual. Working example: the radioactive atom and the mark it writes. Successor-theory demand: a complete description of the individual situation whose laws, per se, have nothing to do with statistics.
50. 50.Shields, Will. 2026a. “Individual Completion of Metastable Decay: A Constructive Program after Einstein’s Reply to Criticisms.” 12 September 2026. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.22717070. First-event time T*(S); unread remainder S_⊥; axioms A1–A6. Not a hidden-variable dressing of ψ. Nuclei are not the first test. Link
51. 51.Shields, Will. 2026b. “Completion, Not Unification: Einstein’s Field Program as a Template for Individual Description.” 12 September 2026. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.22717721. Completion of the individual situation, not postwar unification-as-quantization. Contact with catalogued quantum statistics is a graduation constraint, not an entrance examination. Link
52. 52.Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Hegemonic fear as a cause of war (I.23); the Melian Dialogue as a spare statement of power.
53. 53.Van De Mieroop, Marc. 2015. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC. 3rd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Sumerian city-states; Sargon; Lugalzagesi’s Lower-Sea-to-Upper-Sea claim.
54. 54.Liverani, Mario. 2014. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge.
55. 55.Liverani, Mario, ed. 1993. Akkad: The First World Empire. Structure, Ideology, Traditions. Padua: Sargon. Conventional “first empire” status of Akkad; the model needs horizon-claim plus territorial command, not the word “first.”
56. 56.Moran, William L., trans. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Great Kings address one another as brothers; vassals are not brothers.
57. 57.Liverani, Mario. 2001. International Relations in the Ancient Near East, 1600–1100 BC. Basingstoke: Palgrave. The Late Bronze Age as a written multipolar system.
58. 58.Cline, Eric H. 2014. 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Year 8 of Ramesses III as a conventional marker for a process (c. 1220–1150), not a single afternoon.
59. 59.Briant, Pierre. 2002. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. English of Histoire de l’Empire perse (1996). Satrapies, royal road, daric, Aramaic chancery.
60. 60.Eckstein, Arthur M. 2006. Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press. Rome unipolarizes a violent Hellenistic system; it does not inherit a hierarchy.
61. 61.Kennedy, Paul. 1987. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House. Modern great-power set as relative economic shares; Seven Years’ War as first planetary war.
62. 62.Darwin, John. 2007. After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405. London: Allen Lane. Refuses 1492 as a start date as if Eurasia had been empty.
63. 63.Herz, John H. 1950. “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 2 (2): 157–180.
64. 64.Jervis, Robert. 1978. “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 30 (2): 167–214.
65. 65.Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
66. 66.Krauthammer, Charles. 1990/91. “The Unipolar Moment.” Foreign Affairs 70 (1): 23–33.
67. 67.Wohlforth, William C. 1999. “The Stability of a Unipolar World.” International Security 24 (1): 5–41.
68. 68.Védrine, Hubert. 1999. “hyperpuissance”: French foreign-minister language for unmatched US reach after 1991, distinct from Waltzian “pole.”
69. 69.Spiro, David E. 1999. The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony: Petrodollar Recycling and International Markets. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Recycling as a political arrangement (invoice plus Treasury / Euromarket park), one instrument of the late US pole, not the whole, and not a 50-year sunset treaty.
70. 70.Federal Reserve History / Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. “Federal Reserve Act Signed by President Wilson,” 23 December 1913 essay. Panic of 1907 as proximate cause; Aldrich–Vreeland 1908; Glass–Owen as the statute. Richmond Fed, Econ Focus Q1 2015, “Jekyll Island: Where the Fed Began”: documented drafting of the Aldrich Plan, not the law that passed. Warburg, Paul M. 1930. The Federal Reserve System: Its Origin and Growth — line-by-line Aldrich / Glass–Owen.
71. 71.Dooley, Michael P., David Folkerts-Landau, and Peter Garber. 2003/04. “An Essay on the Revived Bretton Woods System.” NBER Working Paper 9971. Periphery pegs and accumulates; core spends. The academic name for the 1994–2005 China–US bind.
72. 72.Ferguson, Niall, and Moritz Schularick. 2007. “ ‘Chimerica’ and the Global Asset Market Boom.” International Finance 10 (3): 215–239. Scale of Chinese intervention as the difference from 1950s Germany/Japan.
73. 73.People’s Bank of China. 21 July 2005. Public announcement of a 2.1 percent revaluation and a managed floating regime with reference to a basket (8.28 to 8.11). 11 August 2015 “8/11” fixing reform. Goldstein, Morris, and Nicholas Lardy on the 1994 unification (official to swap ~8.70, then 8.28).
74. 74.Federal Open Market Committee. 23 March 2020. Purchases of Treasuries and agency MBS “in the amounts needed.” Swap-line expansion the same month. Balance-sheet flood; US CPI 9.1 percent year-on-year, June 2022. Not hyperinflation (Cagan).
75. 75.Blas, Javier. 27 June 2024. “The Petrodollar Is Dead, Long Live the Petrodollar.” Bloomberg Opinion. The June 2024 viral ‘50-year treaty expired’ story took the 8 June 1974 Joint Commission anniversary as a sunset; there is no such clause. Invoice and recycling are the pair.
76. 76.OPEC. 10 December 2016. Declaration of Cooperation (Vienna): OPEC+ with Russia in production management. Shanghai INE yuan crude futures, 26 March 2018. OPEC secretariat, 7 June 2026: group-of-seven voluntary-adjustment unwind and compensation through December 2026. Setser (CFR) on recycling’s changed cargo: US as net oil exporter; Saudi Arabia as often a borrower.
77. 77.U.S. Treasury. Treasury International Capital, July 2026: mainland China Treasury holdings $618 billion, lowest since August 2008 (peak above $1.3 trillion, November 2013). Axios and Financial Times, 17–18 September 2026. Setser (CFR): some paper likely moved to non-US custodians; direction of the wean is still real.
78. 78.Mearsheimer, John J. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W. W. Norton. Updated edition 2014.
79. 79.Monteiro, Nuno P. 2014. Theory of Unipolar Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80. 80.People’s Republic of China and Russian Federation. 4 February 2022. “Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the International Relations Entering a New Era and the Global Sustainable Development.” Multipolarity / “no limits” language. Symbolic announcement of a world already emerging, not the material start. Link
81. 81.Engels, Friedrich. 1847. Principles of Communism. Question: “Will it be possible for this revolution to take place in one country alone?” Answer: no; it must be simultaneous in the leading civilized countries.
82. 82.Stalin, J. V. 1924. “The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists.” “Socialism in one country” as retirement of Engels’s simultaneity constraint.
83. 83.Harari, Yuval Noah. 2014. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. London: Harvill Secker. Hebrew original 2011. Imagined orders (money, empire, law, gods) as the cooperation technology of Homo sapiens. Empires as historically among the most successful political systems for knitting strangers into one order. A historian’s synthesis, not a polarity codebook.
84. 84.Harari, Yuval Noah. 2016. Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. London: Harvill Secker. Hebrew 2015. “Useless class”; uncoupling of intelligence and consciousness; Dataism; authority migrating toward algorithms. Instructs scholars to develop new socio-economic models because the old ones no longer hold. A historian predicting, not a crystal ball, and not a source of CenLib axioms.
85. 85.Kindleberger, Charles P. 1973. The World in Depression, 1929–1939. Berkeley: University of California Press. The 1930s as a failure to provide international public goods in a leadership transition. Analog for a still-able unipole that becomes unwilling.
86. 86.Nye, Joseph S. 2017. “The Kindleberger Trap.” Project Syndicate / Belfer Center, 9 January 2017. Will a rising China provide public goods, or will a still-able United States become unwilling? Not a proof; a named trap. Link
87. 87.Copeland, Dale C. 2022. “When Trade Leads to War: China, Russia, and the Limits of Interdependence.” Foreign Affairs, 23 September 2022. Trade dependence plus cutoff-threat can push a rising power toward grabbing the resource. Historical file includes Japan 1940–41. Analog, not a timetable.
88. 88.NATO. 2024. The Secretary General’s Annual Report 2024. Steadfast Defender 2024 as the Alliance’s largest exercise in decades, ~90,000 troops, first to test the post-Madrid regional defence plans. Link
89. 89.Council on Foreign Relations. “What Is the BRICS Group and Why Is It Expanding?” Backgrounder, updated after the 2023–25 enlargements. Heft, internal disagreement, no common currency. Tertiary map, not a primary text. Link
90. 90.Dalio, Ray. 2021. Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Why Nations Succeed and Fail. New York: Avid Reader / Simon & Schuster. Eight key measures (education, innovation, competitiveness, output, trade, military, financial center, reserve currency); rise sequence with reserve currency lagged; ~250-year overlapping cycles of the last three reserve currencies. This program takes the gauges and the lag. It refuses the one-empire clock, the 500-year board, and the portfolio conclusion.
91. 91.Yergin, Daniel. 1991. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. Oil as the 20th-century unit; Churchill’s conversion of the Royal Navy; the concession-and-coup file. Narrative history this program uses for the unit-succession, not as a polarity codebook.
92. 92.Carter, Jimmy. 23 January 1980. State of the Union Address. The Carter Doctrine: any attempt by an outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf will be repelled by any means necessary, including military. Hormuz as named vital interest inside bipolarity.
93. 93.Eichengreen, Barry. 2011. Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dollar as lagged instrument; habit and Treasury depth, not a law of nature.
94. 94.Siluanov, Anton. 13 March 2022. Interview reported by Reuters: foreign sanctions froze around $300 billion of Russia’s gold and forex reserves. The dollar’s demonstration at P-5 scale.
95. 95.Bown, Chad P., and Melina Kolb. “Trump’s Trade War Timeline: An Up-to-Date Guide.” Peterson Institute for International Economics, originally 19 April 2018. Dated ledger of Section 232, Section 301 lists, and retaliation. This program uses the dates, not the policy advice. Link
96. 96.Yellen, Janet L. 13 April 2022. “Remarks on Way Forward for the Global Economy.” Atlantic Council. ‘Friend-shoring’ named as concentrating supply chains inside a tent of trusted jurisdictions.
97. 97.White House. 1 November 2025. “Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Strikes Deal on Economic and Trade Relations with China.” Busan / Kuala Lumpur Joint Arrangement: rare-earth controls postponed; soybean purchases; reciprocal-tariff suspension until 10 November 2026. A ceasefire, not an end of the war. Link
98. 98.Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump (U.S. 20 February 2026). Supreme Court: IEEPA does not authorize presidential tariffs. The instrument is legally constrained, then rebuilt under other statutes. Not a markets brief.
99. 99.BRICS. 13 September 2026. New Delhi Declaration. Local-currency settlement and payment-link work; ‘no one-size-fits-all’; no common BRICS note. Peskov, same week: Russia already settles ~90 percent of BRICS-partner transactions in national currencies and refuses to call that a de-dollarization policy.
100. 100.Reuters. 21 September 2026. “How Trump and Xi went from tariff war to trade truce.” Dated spring-2025 escalation (Liberation Day; tit-for-tat toward 145/125), Geneva pause, Busan, IEEPA ruling, July 2026 Section 301, Xi at the White House 24 September. Outcome of the November 2026 expiry is open as of this draft. Link
101. 101.Higgins, Andrew. 2022. “Russia and Belarus Stage Pretend Battle as Threat of Real One Looms in Ukraine.” New York Times, 19 February 2022 (dateline Baranovichi). Attachés from Ukraine, the United States, Poland, and Turkey on the viewing stand. Largest Russian deployment on Belarusian territory since 1991. Link
102. 102.Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM). 2022. “Before the Invasion: The Russian-Belarusian Allied Resolve Exercises.” Spotlight, 24 February 2022. Scenario as an extension of Zapad; NATO estimate ~30,000 Russian troops in Belarus. Link
103. 103.Muzyka, Konrad. 2021. “Russia Goes to War: Exercise Zapad-2021.” ICDS / Rochan Consulting. Belarus treated as part of the Western Military District; war-footing, not a six-day live piece. Link
104. 104.Sukhankin, Sergey. 2020. On Kavkaz-2020: closing phase as a coalition counter-offensive rather than a police action; guest list as a non-NATO military club on the southern axis. ICDS / Jamestown.
105. 105.Eckstein, Megan. 2018. “China Disinvited from Participating in 2018 RIMPAC Exercise.” USNI News, 23 May 2018. Pentagon: Spratly militarization ‘inconsistent with the principles and purposes of RIMPAC.’ Russia already excluded after Crimea. Link
106. 106.Weitz, Richard. CSIS. On Chinese–Russian combined exercises: Tsentr-2019 China package ~1,600 as the largest non-Russian contribution; the pairing as a habit, not an alliance clause.
107. 107.NORAD / USNORTHCOM. 2012–13. Vigilant Eagle press releases: NORAD and the Russian Federation Air Force, hijack hand-off over the Bering. 2014 serial cancelled after Crimea / Donbas (Air & Space Forces Magazine, 12 September 2014).
108. 108.Cotton, Tom. 7 October 2023. “Cotton Statement on Israel.” United States Senate, and @SenTomCotton, 12:54 UTC: Hamas as “Iran’s proxy”; cease engagement with Iran. Earliest high-office naming of Iran as author the same day. A claim, not an intelligence finding. Link
109. 109.Demirjian, Karoun, Julian E. Barnes, and Adam Goldman. 11 October 2023. “Early Intelligence Shows Hamas Attack Surprised Iranian Leaders, U.S. Says.” New York Times. Sullivan: broad complicity via years of support; no collected intelligence of direct Iranian involvement in the 7 October attack. Link
110. 110.Kirby, John. 9–11 October 2023. White House on-record: Iran “complicit” through years of support to Hamas; “no specific evidence” of witting involvement in the planning, resourcing, or direction of the 7 October attacks (Reuters 9 Oct; Fox / VOA 10–11 Oct).
111. 111.S.Res.417, 118th Congress. 19 October 2023. Senate resolution on the Hamas attack and Israel. Dated the hawk-and-alliance file, not a finding of Iranian operational direction.
112. 112.Graham, Lindsey. 22 October 2023, Tel Aviv, with a bipartisan ten-senator delegation. “If this war grows, it’s coming to your backyard. There won’t be two fronts, there will be three.” “The idea that this happened without Iranian involvement is laughable.” A claim, dated. Not substituted for the intelligence file.
113. 113.E3/EU+3 and Iran. 14 July 2015. Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Vienna. P5+1 (United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China) plus Germany, EU coordinator. Both sides in the nuclear tent. Network, missiles, and regional wars outside the text. US withdrawal 8 May 2018; other parties remain.
114. 114.Zarif, Mohammad Javad. 8 January 2020. On Ain al-Asad / Erbil: Iran “took and concluded proportionate measures in self-defence.” Khamenei, same week: a slap delivered, “harsh revenge” still due. Zarif, Munich Security Conference, February 2020, asked whether revenge is over: “No.” Two statements, one ledger not closed.
115. 115.US Department of Defense. 22 June 2025. Operation Midnight Hammer: B-2s from Whiteman; GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrators on Fordow and Natanz; Tomahawks on Isfahan; first combat use of the MOP. Inside the Twelve-Day War (Israel’s Rising Lion, 13–24 June 2025).
116. 116.House of Commons Library. 2 July 2026. “US–Iran ceasefire and nuclear talks 2026,” CBP-10637. Epic Fury / Roaring Lion opened 28 February 2026; Pakistan announces a pause 8 April; Islamabad talks 11 April, no agreement; 14-point Islamabad Memorandum 17 June, 60-day window. Link
117. 117.Berman, Russell A. 17 September 2026. “Operation Epic Fury: Headwinds and Outcomes.” Hoover Institution, The Caravan, Issue 2252. Opening 28 February 2026, 1:15 a.m. Eastern; Khamenei killed in his Tehran compound; planned four to five weeks; as of 17 September the campaign continues, outcome elusive. Schenker, same issue: Al Udeid CAOC hit. Link
118. 118.Jamal, Urooba. 20 September 2026. “What are Iran’s latest conditions to end its war with the US?” Al Jazeera. Rezaei via Qatar: war off all fronts including Lebanon, frozen funds, end of the blockade. June 17 MoU expired August; hostilities resume September. Outcome open as of this draft (21 September 2026). Link
119. 119.Lead Inspector General. 9 September 2026. Report to the United States Congress: Operation Epic Fury, 1 April–30 June 2026. The war as an ongoing named operation, not a closed campaign.
120. 120.Nash, John F. 1950. “Equilibrium Points in n-Person Games.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 36 (1): 48–49.
121. 121.Nash, John F. 1951. “Non-cooperative Games.” Annals of Mathematics 54 (2): 286–295. Best-response as the definition of equilibrium.
122. 122.Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Latent groups free-ride; small and privileged groups sometimes provide.
123. 123.Hardin, Garrett. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162 (3859): 1243–1248. A parable of open access, not a field study of CPRs.
124. 124.Fudenberg, Drew, and Eric Maskin. 1986. “The Folk Theorem in Repeated Games with Discounting or with Incomplete Information.” Econometrica 54 (3): 533–554. Cooperation can be Nash in the indefinitely repeated game; it is not thereby guaranteed.
125. 125.Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eight design principles for CPRs. Principle 7 (external recognition of the right to organize) is the hinge to polarity; principle 8 (nested enterprises) is the hinge to federated assemblies.
126. 126.Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books. Reciprocal strategies in tournaments. Not a proof that poles will play tit-for-tat.
127. 127.Halpern, Joseph Y., and Nan Rong. 2010. “Cooperative Equilibrium.” In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2010), Toronto. Perfect cooperative equilibrium (PCE): each player does at least as well as if the other were best-responding. In PD, (C,C) and (D,D) are both PCE; (C,C) is the unique max-PCE. Link
128. 128.Rong, Nan, and Joseph Y. Halpern. 2014. “Toward a Theory of Cooperative Equilibria.” arXiv:1412.6722. Fuller treatment of PCE, α-PCE, M-PCE, and CE. Theorem 12: every game has a Pareto-optimal M-PCE. Two-player PCE/M-PCE polynomial-time computable. Link
129. 129.Cox, Michael, Gwen Arnold, and Sergio Villamayor-Tomás. 2010. “A Review of Design Principles for Community-based Natural Resource Management.” Ecology and Society 15 (4): 38. Three-quarters of later cases show strong or moderate support for Ostrom’s principles. Link
130. 130.Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1755. Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes. The stag hunt: a stag if both hunt stag; a hare if one takes the sure small prize. Assurance, not a dominant strategy to defect.
131. 131.Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Focal points; some equilibria hold because the meeting-place is obvious.
132. 132.Sen, Amartya K. 1967. “Isolation, Assurance and the Social Rate of Discount.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 81 (1): 112–124. Isolation paradox: each would contribute if others will. The public-goods cousin of assurance.
133. 133.Lewis, David. 1969. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. After Hume: equilibria that hold because they are expected to.
134. 134.Maynard Smith, John, and G. R. Price. 1973. “The Logic of Animal Conflict.” Nature 246: 15–18. Hawk–dove. Pure hawk is not ESS when injury costs more than the prize.
135. 135.Maynard Smith, John. 1982. Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ESS as the solution concept biology and economics share. Not a title-regime.
136. 136.Skyrms, Brian. 1996. Evolution of the Social Contract. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Evolutionary game theory on the contract. Correlation, structure, signaling.
137. 137.Skyrms, Brian. 2004. The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of the Social Contract. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The stag hunt, not PD, as the primitive of the contract.
138. 138.Nowak, Martin A. 2006. “Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation.” Science 314 (5805): 1560–1563. Kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, group selection. Mechanisms, not a property regime.
139. 139.Nowak, Martin A., with Roger Highfield. 2011. SuperCooperators. New York: Free Press. Popular statement of the five rules. Cited as the book-length file, not as a close of the group-selection fight.
140. 140.Fehr, Ernst, and Simon Gächter. 2000. “Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments.” American Economic Review 90 (4): 980–994. Altruistic punishment sustains contribution.
141. 141.Henrich, Joseph, et al. 2001. “In Search of Homo Economicus: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies.” American Economic Review 91 (2): 73–78. Ultimatum rejections vary by society; rational defection is not a human constant.
142. 142.Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. 2011. A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Humans as ultrasocial, with punishment and sharing, not as a late overlay on a Hobbesian core.
143. 143.Sober, Elliott, and David Sloan Wilson. 1998. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Group selection as a live fight. This program does not pick a winner.
144. 144.Okasha, Samir. 2006. Evolution and the Levels of Selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The unit-of-selection question, stated so gene, organism, and group are not collapsed.
145. 145.Malthus, Thomas Robert. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population. Population against subsistence as a law. The garden already losing. A source of Darwin’s Malthusian ‘struggle,’ and of the scarcity costume.
146. 146.Robbins, Lionel. 1932. An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science. London: Macmillan. Economics as behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. Scarcity taken as the environment. Date it, or treat it as nature.
147. 147.Keynes, John Maynard. 1930. “Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren.” Nation and Athenaeum, 11 and 18 October. What happens when the economic problem is solved. Not a landing, and not a proof that scarcity is a law.
148. 148.Bookchin, Murray. 1971. Post-Scarcity Anarchism. Berkeley: Ramparts. A later, different file: scarcity retired by technique. Not this stack’s constitution. Dated so it cannot be smuggled in as Paper 04’s close.
149. 149.Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. 1840. Qu’est-ce que la propriété? (What Is Property?). “Property is theft” is a claim about dominion, later paired with possession.
150. 150.Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. 1863. Du principe fédératif. Federated communes rather than a Jacobin center. Political form of mutualism.
151. 151.Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. 1846. Système des contradictions économiques, ou Philosophie de la misère.
152. 152.Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, and Philippe Gigot to Proudhon, Brussels, 5 May 1846; Proudhon to Marx, Lyon, 17 May 1846. The “slow fire” / “St Bartholomew of the proprietors” sentence is Proudhon’s. Reprinted in Marx-Engels Collected Works, vol. 38, and in Proudhon’s Correspondance.
153. 153.Marx, Karl. 1847. The Poverty of Philosophy. Public answer to Proudhon 1846.
154. 154.Marx, Karl. 1875. Critique of the Gotha Programme. Lower and higher phases; “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” is the higher phase, not a next-Tuesday policy. Transitional dictatorship stated as the stepping stone; the applied office is a later test.
155. 155.Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1848. Manifesto of the Communist Party. “The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property.” Also: “united action of the leading civilized countries.”
156. 156.Marx, Karl. 1850. The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850. Names the dictatorship of the proletariat as the proletariat’s political form. A method step, not the bronze-axe end-state.
157. 157.Marx, Karl to Joseph Weydemeyer, London, 5 March 1852. The class struggle “necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat”; that dictatorship is a transition to the abolition of all classes. MECW vol. 39.
158. 158.Déjacque, Joseph. May 1857. De l’Être-Humain mâle et femelle. Lettre à P. J. Proudhon. New Orleans. First recorded political use of libertaire as self-description, against Proudhon’s “liberal and not libertarian.”
159. 159.Déjacque, Joseph, ed. 1858–1861. Le Libertaire. New York. Journal of the social movement; serializes L’Humanisphère.
160. 160.International Workingmen’s Association. Hague Congress, 2–7 September 1872. Expulsion of Bakunin and James Guillaume; resolution on political action; General Council strengthened. Minutes in the IWMA documentary collections.
161. 161.Saint-Imier Congress of the anti-authoritarian International, 15–16 September 1872. Resolution: “the destruction of all political power is the first duty of the proletariat”; a new political authority to ensure that destruction “would be as dangerous to the proletariat as any government now in existence.”
162. 162.Bakunin, Mikhail. 1873. Statism and Anarchy. Collectivism from below; refusal of “communist” as then naming state concentration.
163. 163.Cafiero, Carlo. 1880. “Anarchie et Communisme.” Jura Federation, La Chaux-de-Fonds. With Reclus and Kropotkin, the mass conversion of European anarchism from collectivism to anarchist communism (from each according to ability, to each according to need).
164. 164.Congrès ouvrier du Havre, November 1880. French socialist congress (not solely anarchist). Maitron: the congress named communisme libertaire as the final goal while remaining split on political action. Date the phrase; do not treat Havre as an anarchist founding congress.
165. 165.Engels, Friedrich. 1878. Anti-Dühring.
166. 166.Engels, Friedrich. 1884. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. The state as a public power beside society; the bronze-axe image for its retirement.
167. 167.Kropotkin, Peter. 1892. The Conquest of Bread.
168. 168.Michels, Robert. 1911. Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie. English: Political Parties, 1915. Iron law of oligarchy inside socialist parties.
169. 169.Lenin, V. I. 1917. The State and Revolution. Withering still stated; the subsequent office is the applied test.
170. 170.Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Tenth Congress, March 1921. Faction ban; Kronstadt suppressed the same month.
171. 171.Avrich, Paul. 1970. Kronstadt 1921. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
172. 172.Skirda, Alexandre. Nestor Makhno: Anarchy’s Cossack (English translation 2004 of the French study). Primary field test of the anti-authoritarian method, broken by the war system around it.
173. 173.Arshinov, Peter, Nestor Makhno, et al. 1926. Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft). Platformism after the Russian defeat.
174. 174.Konkin, Samuel Edward, III. 1980. New Libertarian Manifesto. Agorism: left free markets; Movement of the Libertarian Left; counter-economics; consistency of ends and means; no party road. Capital-statism as the enemy. This program takes the method from that left-market file, not Rothbardian joint-stock as the end-state.
175. 175.Smith, Adam. 1759. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Opens with sympathy, not gladiatorial nature. Darwin later praises this account in Descent of Man.
176. 176.Smith, Adam. 1776. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Competitive political economy without a Darwinian costume (Darwin is 1859).
177. 177.Spencer, Herbert. 1851. Social Statics. Predates On the Origin of Species. Competitive social sorting before Darwin’s book.
178. 178.Spencer, Herbert. 1864. Principles of Biology. Coins “survival of the fittest.” Darwin adopts the phrase in the 5th edition of Origin (1869).
179. 179.Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species. 5th edition (1869) takes Spencer’s “survival of the fittest.”
180. 180.Darwin, Charles. 1868. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, ch. XXVII. Provisional hypothesis of pangenesis: gemmules; use and disuse can be transmitted. A Lamarckian channel. Darwin is not a neo-Darwinist.
181. 181.Darwin, Charles. 1871. The Descent of Man. Large role for social instincts, sympathy, praise and blame — the widening Kropotkin says later Darwinians narrowed.
182. 182.Mendel, Gregor. 1866. “Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden.” Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn 4. Rediscovered 1900 (de Vries, Correns, Tschermak).
183. 183.Huxley, Thomas H. February 1888. “The Struggle for Existence in Human Society.” The Nineteenth Century. Animal world “on about the same level as a gladiators’ show.”
184. 184.Weismann, August. 1893. The Germ-Plasm: A Theory of Heredity. Cuts soma off from germline. The barrier the modern synthesis later assumed.
185. 185.Kropotkin, Peter. 1902. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. London: Heinemann. Collected from The Nineteenth Century. “Mutual aid is as much a law of animal life as mutual struggle.” Ecological, not sentimental: struggle against a harsh environment favors sociability.
186. 186.Fisher, Ronald A. 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press. A pillar of the modern synthesis.
187. 187.Hofstadter, Richard. 1944. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Popularized the label. Revisionists: Spencer’s own sociology is more Lamarckian than selectionist — the reception still gave markets a nature-warrant.
188. 188.Hamilton, W. D. 1964. “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour,” I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1–16, 17–52. Kin selection. Undermines simple combat-as-law; does not pick a property regime.
189. 189.Sagan, Lynn (Margulis). 1967. “On the Origin of Mitosing Cells.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 14: 225–274. Endosymbiosis. Further undercuts combat-only nature.
190. 190.Trivers, Robert L. 1971. “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.” Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1): 35–57. Neo-Darwinian, not Kropotkinian. Do not cite as a proof of anarchist communism, or of shareholder primacy.
191. 191.Brandon, Robert N. 1978. “Adaptation and Evolutionary Theory.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 9: 181–206. Fitness as a propensity, not the outcome.
192. 192.Mills, Susan K., and John H. Beatty. 1979. “The Propensity Interpretation of Fitness.” Philosophy of Science 46 (2): 263–286. Standard repair of the tautology problem for biological fitness. Spencerian social “fit” was never given this repair.
193. 193.Gould, Stephen Jay. 1988. “Kropotkin Was No Crackpot.” Natural History 97 (7): 12–21. The Russian school saw density and climate, not only dyadic combat.
194. 194.Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Organisms as “lumbering robots” built by replicators.
195. 195.Dawkins, Richard. 1982. The Extended Phenotype. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1: Dawkins doubts there is an experiment that could prove the “selfish” claim. Noble’s inversion (“prisoner genes”) is, by that standard, empirically equivalent as metaphor.
196. 196.Noble, Denis. 2006. The Music of Life: Biology Beyond Genes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
197. 197.Noble, Denis. 2011. “Neo-Darwinism, the Modern Synthesis and Selfish Genes: Are They of Use in Physiology?” Journal of Physiology 589: 1007–1015. Also Experimental Physiology 96 (2011) on the same line.
198. 198.Noble, Denis. 2012. “A Theory of Biological Relativity: No Privileged Level of Causation.” Interface Focus 2: 55–64.
199. 199.Noble, Denis. 2013. “Physiology Is Rocking the Foundations of Evolutionary Biology.” Experimental Physiology 98: 1235–1243. Darwin recognized inheritance of acquired characteristics; Darwin was not a neo-Darwinist.
200. 200.Noble, Denis. 2016. Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
201. 201.Noble, Raymond, and Denis Noble. 2018. “Harnessing Stochasticity: How Do Organisms Make Choices?” Chaos 28: 106309. Organism-agency as physiological use of variation, not a ghost in the machine.
202. 202.Noble, Denis, and Raymond Noble. 2023. Understanding Living Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dating: Denis Noble was Richard Dawkins’s doctoral examiner at Oxford, not his doctoral advisor (Dawkins states this in the 2022 HowTheLightGetsIn debate). Noble’s DPhil was with Otto Hutter at UCL (1961).
203. 203.Locke, John. 1689. Two Treatises of Government. Second Treatise §22: freedom under standing law versus arbitrary will. Ch. 5: labour-mixing (§27, the proviso), spoilage (§31), money as tacit consent to unequal possession (§36–37). §123: lives, liberties, and estates under the general name property.
204. 204.Blackstone, William. 1765. Commentaries on the Laws of England, I.1. Natural versus civil liberty.
205. 205.Polybius. Histories. Book I: the fifty-three years in which Rome acquired the oikoumenē. Book VI: anacyclosis and the mixed constitution.
206. 206.Mosca, Gaetano. The Ruling Class (English 1939 of Elementi di scienza politica, 1896/1923). Organized minority.
207. 207.Pareto, Vilfredo. The Mind and Society (Trattato di sociologia generale, 1916). Circulation of elites.
208. 208.Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1991. The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Oxford: Blackwell. Use for boule, quorum, sortition, and Pnyx capacity — the facts that keep Athens from being a template of success.
209. 209.Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books. US right-libertarian reconstruction of the state from Lockean side-constraints. Entitlement: acquisition, transfer, rectification. Wilt Chamberlain. Weakened proviso. Not Belsham, not Déjacque.
210. 210.Russell, Dean. 1955. “Who Is a Libertarian?” The Freeman (Foundation for Economic Education), May. Proposes to “trade-mark and reserve” the word for classical liberals who have lost “liberal.” Webster still listed the free-will sense first. The documented American inversion.
211. 211.Bastiat, Frédéric. 1850. The Law; What Is Seen and What Is Not Seen. Legal plunder; opportunity cost as a public argument. French liberal, not US-LP.
212. 212.Spooner, Lysander. 1867. No Treason. The Constitution binds no one who did not sign. Natural-law individualist; also an abolitionist. Claimed by both tents.
213. 213.Menger, Carl. 1871. Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre. Subjective value at the margin, independently of Jevons and Walras. Austrian starting point.
214. 214.Ricardo, David. 1817. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Comparative advantage; rent; a labour theory of value the later left inverted.
215. 215.United Kingdom. Limited Liability Act 1855; Companies Act 1862. The joint-stock company with capped loss: the statutory invention that lets absentee title scale. The firm becomes a person in law.
216. 216.Nock, Albert Jay. 1935. Our Enemy, the State. Old Right anti-statism; the state as a different species from government.
217. 217.Paterson, Isabel. 1943. The God of the Machine. One of the three 1943 books (with Lane and Rand’s Fountainhead) that seed the later American movement.
218. 218.Rand, Ayn. 1943. The Fountainhead; 1957. Atlas Shrugged. Objectivism: rational selfishness, the trader. A closed ethical system, not Austrian economics and not NAP-as-axiom.
219. 219.Mises, Ludwig von. 1920. “Die Wirtschaftsrechnung im sozialistischen Gemeinwesen.” Archive for Social Science and Social Policy. Without private title in the means of production there are no genuine prices, so a socialist commonwealth cannot calculate. English: Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth.
220. 220.Hayek, F. A. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. London: Routledge. Planning as a road, not a proof that residual claimants must be private legislatures.
221. 221.Hayek, F. A. 1945. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” American Economic Review 35 (4): 519–530. The data are dispersed; the price system is a telecommunications of tacit knowledge. Occupant-operators have local knowledge too.
222. 222.Mont Pelerin Society. Founded 1947 (Hayek and others). Academy-to-ministry pipe of the later neoliberal mix. Date as an institution, not as NAP philosophy.
223. 223.Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Vouchers, negative income tax, monetary rule. Consequentialist, not NAP. Still calls himself a liberal in the European sense.
224. 224.Friedman, Milton. 1970. “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.” New York Times Magazine, 13 September. Popularization of residual-claimant primacy. Not Locke.
225. 225.Dodge v. Ford Motor Co., 204 Mich. 459 (1919). Residual claimant’s primacy named in a holding. Berle and Means (1932) later split ownership from control; Friedman 1970 collapses the split back into a duty.
226. 226.Berle, Adolf A., and Gardiner C. Means. 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan. Ownership split from control in the large corporation.
227. 227.Rothbard, Murray N. 1962. Man, Economy, and State. Van Nostrand. Austrian treatise; later For a New Liberty (1973). Anarcho-capitalism; joint-stock as the end-state this program refuses.
228. 228.Rothbard, Murray N. 1982. The Ethics of Liberty. Humanities Press. Self-ownership, homesteading without the Lockean proviso (“a source of trouble”), NAP. The most complete named right-anarchist reconstruction — the outer horn, not the whole slice.
229. 229.Buchanan, James M., and Gordon Tullock. 1962. The Calculus of Consent. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Public choice: government failure as a symmetric object of study. Not a proof that private legislatures are innocent.
230. 230.Coase, R. H. 1960. “The Problem of Social Cost.” Journal of Law and Economics 3: 1–44. If transaction costs are low, assign rights and let bargaining work. The assignment still matters when costs are not low.
231. 231.Macpherson, C. B. 1962. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke. Oxford: Clarendon Press. The person as proprietor of their own capacities. Tully (1980) and Waldron (1988) contest the reading of Locke; the reception is load-bearing either way.
232. 232.Cohen, G. A. 1995. Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Self-ownership does not entail world-ownership. The analytic joint this program takes without taking Cohen’s further egalitarianism as a constitution.
233. 233.Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper. Creative destruction. Churn is real; replacement tech under shareholder primacy is open problem 20, not a hymn.
234. 234.Williamson, John. 1989. “What Washington Means by Policy Reform.” In Latin American Adjustment, ed. Williamson. Institute for International Economics. The Washington Consensus as a policy list, not NAP philosophy. A pole’s mix.
235. 235.Hoppe, Hans-Hermann. 2001. Democracy: The God That Failed. Transaction. Paleolibertarian fork (covenant communities, argumentation ethics). Dated as a fork, not as the body of thought, and not as CenLib. On the map: a walk up from the anarchist horn toward the office.
236. 236.Molinari, Gustave de. 1849. “De la production de la sécurité.” Journal des Économistes 25 (February): 277–290. First systematic case that police and defense can be produced on a market. Liberty of government, not the later word anarcho-capitalism. English: The Production of Security, tr. McCulloch (1977).
237. 237.Warren, Josiah. 1846. Equitable Commerce. Cost the limit of price; Cincinnati Time Store (1827). First American anarchist. Individualist and anti-usury. Inner edge of the right-anarchist span.
238. 238.Herbert, Auberon. 1890s. Voluntaryism: voluntary taxation; Spencerian; refused the anarchist label. Proto-right-anarchist. Date so 1955 does not invent the body.
239. 239.Tucker, Benjamin R. Liberty (1881–1908). Occupancy-and-use; four monopolies (money, land, tariffs, patents); “anarchistic socialism.” Free markets to destroy capitalist privilege. Inner edge, not Rothbard’s horn.
240. 240.Rothbard, Murray N. 1965. “The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist’s View.” Left and Right. Claims the American individualists and drops the money and land monopolies as economic errors. The capture, dated — cousin of Russell 1955.
241. 241.Tannehill, Morris, and Linda Tannehill. 1970. The Market for Liberty. Anarcho-capitalist reconstruction; a house on the outer horn, not Rothbard’s natural-rights treatise.
242. 242.Friedman, David D. 1973. The Machinery of Freedom. Consequentialist anarcho-capitalism. Not Milton, and not Nozick. Outer horn.
243. 243.Carson, Kevin A. 2007. Studies in Mutualist Political Economy. Tucker’s four monopolies recovered under subjective value. Left-wing market anarchism; inner edge after Rothbard’s capture.
244. 244.Faye, Jean-Pierre. 1972. Théorie du récit: introduction aux langages totalitaires. Paris. Horseshoe reception: far-left and far-right closer as office than a line can hear. Restated in Le Siècle des idéologies (2002). This program takes the office-similarity and refuses identity of theories.
245. 245.Belloc, Hilaire. 1912. The Servile State. Distributism: small owners against both the socialist office and the plutocratic firm. Neighbor of CenLib on property, not the stack.
246. 246.Vallentyne, Peter, and Hillel Steiner, eds. 2000. Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics. Self-ownership kept; world-ownership socialized. Analytic cousin of Cohen’s split. Often still a state for the equal share. Neighbor of the join, not the join.
247. 247.Tomasi, John. 2012. Free Market Fairness. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Neo-classical liberal attempt to join Hayek to Rawls. Still title-through-the-firm plus a safety net. Not this program’s join.
248. 248.Cantillon, Richard. 1755. Essai sur la nature du commerce en général. Written earlier. The entrepreneur as bearer of uncertainty between known costs and unknown selling prices. Knight and Mises sit on this joint.
249. 249.Quesnay, François. 1758. Tableau économique. Wealth as a circulation of product, not a hoard. Physiocratic ‘natural’ order; an economy pictured as a reproducing body of classes.
250. 250.Turgot, A. R. J. 1766. Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses. Capital, interest, stages of commercial society. Minister of finance 1774–76; dismissed after attempting to unpick guilds and the grain police.
251. 251.Say, Jean-Baptiste. 1803. Traité d’économie politique. Outlets (‘Say’s law’); the entrepreneur as coordinator. French liberal line Bastiat later popularizes.
252. 252.Mises, Ludwig von. 1922. Die Gemeinwirtschaft: Untersuchungen über den Sozialismus. English: Socialism. Book-length case of the 1920 calculation essay.
253. 253.Mises, Ludwig von. 1949. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. New Haven: Yale University Press. German Nationalökonomie, 1940. Praxeology: human action as purposeful behavior; catallactics as the market part. Utilitarian of social cooperation, not a natural-rights theorist. Acting man as the economist’s cousin of this program’s organism-scale unit. Apodictic method is his, not this program’s.
254. 254.Plato. Republic. Ship of state; philosopher-king; democracy as a station on the way to tyranny. The anti-demos as theory, not a mood.
255. 255.Aristotle. Politics. Politeia as the good form of many; democracy as the poor ruling in their interest. Mixed constitution as a brake.
256. 256.Machiavelli, Niccolò. 1531 (posthumous). Discourses on Livy. Two humors: the great who wish to dominate and the people who wish not to be dominated. Tribunes as a check.
257. 257.Madison, James. 1787. Federalist No. 10. Property as the most durable source of faction; a large republic as a filter of passion. More democratic than monarchy; still an aristocracy of representation.
258. 258.Burnham, James. 1941. The Managerial Revolution. A new administrative class, east and west. Not a conspiracy. An observation about how poles staff themselves.
259. 259.Mills, C. Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press. Coinciding military, corporate, and political command.
260. 260.Manin, Bernard. 1997. The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The moderns chose election over lot, and so chose aristocracy with a franchise.
261. 261.Gilens, Martin, and Benjamin I. Page. 2014. “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (3): 564–581. Economic elites and organized business predict policy; average citizens’ preferences, once those are controlled, do not.
262. 262.Lakatos, Imre. 1970. “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, ed. Lakatos and Musgrave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hard cores and protective belts. Used here as a description of this program’s two hypotheses, not as a proof they are already science.
263. 263.Knight, Frank H. 1921. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Profit as the return to bearing unmeasurable uncertainty. Cantillon’s entrepreneur, named.
264. 264.Hilferding, Rudolf. 1910. Das Finanzkapital. Eine Studie über die jüngste Entwicklung des Kapitalismus. Vienna: Wiener Volksbuchhandlung. Cartels, trusts, and the bank as organizer of the plant; organized capitalism as a peace-time tendency. The economic step of Faye’s right arm: title kept, plant organized. Used on the map as description of the plant, not as endorsement of his political program.
265. 265.Carta del Lavoro (Charter of Labour), 21 April 1927. Syndicates of employers and workers as organs of the state; production directed without abolishing private title. The corporatist political step on Faye’s right arm.
266. 266.Mussolini, Benito, with Giovanni Gentile. 1932. “The Doctrine of Fascism.” Enciclopedia Italiana. The ethical state; everything in the state, nothing against it. Corporatist command as self-description, not as a smear from the left.
267. 267.Germany. Gesetz über die Errichtung von Zwangskartellen, 15 July 1933. Compulsory cartels as applied form of organized plant under private title. The economic step of the right arm, dated.
268. 268.Dimitrov, Georgi. 2 August 1935. Report to the Seventh World Congress of the Communist International. Fascism as “the open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinistic and most imperialist elements of finance capital.” A Marxist reading of Faye’s right arm, and the collapse of the two pinches into one theory — which this program dates and refuses.
269. 269.Linebarger, Paul M. A. 1948. Psychological Warfare. Washington: Infantry Journal Press. White / grey / black as attribution, not as a truth-value.
270. 270.Office of Strategic Services. 1943. Morale Operations Field Manual, Strategic Services (Provisional). Strategic Services Field Manual No. 2. Black and grey as source-concealed measures of information and persuasion.
271. 271.Institute for Propaganda Analysis. November 1937. “How to Detect Propaganda.” Propaganda Analysis 1 (2). Seven devices: name-calling, glittering generalities, transfer, testimonial, plain folks, card-stacking, band wagon.
272. 272.Ellul, Jacques. 1962. Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. Modern propaganda as continuous and total, not a pamphlet.
273. 273.Bernays, Edward. 1928. Propaganda. New York: Horace Liveright. Creel’s foreign-section staffer; “engineering of consent.” Taken as craft, not as a constitution.
274. 274.Lasswell, Harold D. 1927. Propaganda Technique in the World War. The Great War as the laboratory of the craft.
275. 275.Paul, Christopher, and Miriam Matthews. 2016. “The Russian ‘Firehose of Falsehood’ Propaganda Model.” RAND. Volume and velocity over consistency. A name for a method older than RT.
276. 276.Creel, George. 1920. How We Advertised America. New York: Harper. CPI as “the world’s greatest adventure in advertising.” He denied the word propaganda.
277. 277.Wilson, Woodrow. Executive order creating the Committee on Public Information, 13 April 1917. CPI, Division of Four Minute Men, General Bulletin No. 7A, 25 November 1917 (75,000 speakers; 7,555,190 speeches).
278. 278.United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 (Smith-Mundt), §501. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013, Pub. L. 112-239, §1078 (Smith-Mundt Modernization), effective 2 July 2013. USAGM, “Facts About Smith-Mundt Modernization”: the act does not apply to the Defense Department. CRS R42754 (2012).
279. 279.NSC 10/2, 18 June 1948. In FRUS, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment. Covert operations so planned that US responsibility is not evident and can be plausibly disclaimed. Propaganda enumerated. CIA Special Procedures Group activation, 22 March 1948, ibid.
280. 280.50 U.S.C. § 3093. Presidential finding; notification; “abroad.” § 3093(f): no covert action intended to influence United States political processes, public opinion, policies, or media.
281. 281.Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee). 1976. Book I, “The CIA and the Media.” Covert ties to about fifty American journalists until February 1976 policy; inquiry into domestic fallout from foreign press placements.
282. 282.New York Times. 25–27 December 1977. “The CIA’s 3-Decade Effort to Mold the World’s Views.” Quotes the 1967 CIA directive: fallout in the United States from a foreign publication “is inevitable and consequently permissible.”
283. 283.Bernstein, Carl. 20 October 1977. “The CIA and the Media.” Rolling Stone. “More than 400” American journalists with CIA assignments; accuses Church of restricting the inquiry. Date both numbers. Church is the Committee; Bernstein is journalism.
284. 284.Parry, Robert, and Peter Kornbluh. 1988. “Iran-Contra’s Untold Story.” Foreign Policy. NSC “public diplomacy” (Walter Raymond Jr.) as the post-Church workaround: influence from a White House shop so it is not CIA covert action.
285. 285.Dao, James, and Eric Schmitt. New York Times, 19 February 2002, and follow-ons; Schmitt, 26 February 2002, “Rumsfeld Formally Disbands Office of Strategic Influence.” Classified proposals to plant news, possibly false, with foreign journalists. Closed as a name after 118 days.
286. 286.Rumsfeld, Donald H. Press gaggle en route to Chile, 18 November 2002. Defense Department transcript. “You can have the name, but I’m gonna keep doing every single thing that needs to be done and I have.”
287. 287.Department of Defense. Information Operations Roadmap, signed 30 October 2003; declassified January 2006, National Security Archive. IO as a core military competency. PSYOP defined as planned operations to convey selected information to foreign audiences. The named afterlife of OSI without the name.
288. 288.Olson, ADM Eric T., USSOCOM, with GEN George Casey; SecDef Gates approved. 21 June 2010. Terminology change: PSYOP → Military Information Support Operations. “A complete change in organization, practice, and doctrine” that is also “not a negative or punitive action.”
289. 289.MacArthur, John R. 6 January 1992. “Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?” New York Times. MacArthur. 1992. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. Nayirah as the ambassador’s daughter; Hill & Knowlton coaching; incubator story false as eyewitness.
290. 290.The Intercept. 17 May 2023. Influence and Perception Management Office stood up 1 March 2022; acting director James Holly. Similar goals to the office closed for controversy. Washington Post, 19 September 2022: Pentagon audits clandestine psychological operations after Facebook and Twitter take down US-military fake accounts.
291. 291.CounterPunch. 16 April 2020. A “third red scare” whose bogey is Russia after 2016, not communism. One of three public senses this program dates; not adopted as the reconstruction.
292. 292.Hoover Institution / Asia Society. 2018. Chinese Influence & American Interests. Bloomberg write-through, 31 December 2019: China-anxiety as a new red scare, with a real United Front instrument underneath. Second of three public senses of a third scare.
293. 293.The Atlantic. 10 November 2025. A Trump-administration speech crackdown framed as the third red scare. Third of three public senses; this program’s reconstruction is the information scare, not any one tent’s use.

Working rule

Distinguish compatibility (conceptual) from whether determinism is true (physics, still open). Distinguish goal from method in the 19th-century socialist split. Treat applied Marxism-Leninism as a test of method, not as Marx’s stated end-state. Keep Game of Empires as a polarity model, not a claim that every war has one cause. Do not underwrite property law with unrepaired biological metaphors. Nash assumes best-response; PCE does not. Ostrom is not a substitute for polarity.